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Compares the Classical (Aristotelian) model of argument with the Rogerian model for conflict resolution.
Imagine you are in a heated debate about a topic you care deeply about. Do you want to 'win' by crushing your opponent's logic, or do you want to find a solution you both can actually live with? The strategy you choose determines whether you end up with a trophy or a partner.
The Classical Model, rooted in Aristotelian rhetoric, is designed to persuade an audience that your position is the most logical and virtuous. It is often called the 'warrior's path' because its goal is victory through superior evidence. It follows a strict six-part structure: 1. Exordium (The Hook), 2. Narratio (Context/Background), 3. Partitio (The Thesis/Claim), 4. Confirmatio (Evidence for your side), 5. Refutatio (Addressing and disproving the opposition), and 6. Peroratio (The 'So What?' or Call to Action). This model works best when your audience is neutral or already leaning toward your side, as it relies on a strong, direct confrontation of opposing ideas.
Consider a speech arguing for a new school library: 1. Exordium: 'Imagine a room where every student has access to the world's knowledge.' 2. Narratio: 'Our current library was built in 1975 and lacks digital resources.' 3. Partitio: 'We must approve the bond to modernize our facility.' 4. Confirmatio: 'Studies show modern libraries increase test scores by .' 5. Refutatio: 'Critics say it's too expensive, but the cost per taxpayer is only dollars a month.' 6. Peroratio: 'Vote for our students' future this Tuesday.'
Quick Check
Which part of the Classical model is specifically dedicated to disproving the opponent's arguments?
Answer
The Refutatio.
Developed by psychologist Carl Rogers, this model is used for highly polarized or 'hot-button' issues where the audience is likely hostile. Instead of trying to 'win,' the goal is conflict resolution and finding common ground. The Rogerian model begins by objectively describing the opponent's perspective to show you understand it. By reducing the rhetorical threat, you make the opponent feel safe enough to listen to you. The structure is fluid but generally moves from: 1. Introduction (Neutral statement of the problem), 2. Summary of Opposing Views (Fair and objective), 3. Statement of Contexts (Where the opponent's view is valid), 4. Statement of Your Position, and 5. Statement of Benefits (How the opponent benefits from your solution).
Converting a 'winning' statement into a 'common ground' statement: - Classical (Aggressive): 'Your refusal to use solar energy is destroying the planet.' - Rogerian (Collaborative): 'I understand that the high initial cost of solar panels is a major concern for your budget. In situations where short-term cash flow is tight, traditional energy makes sense. However, if we look at a -year horizon, solar could actually save you money while also helping the environment. Let's look at some financing options together.'
Quick Check
Why does the Rogerian model start by summarizing the opponent's view fairly?
Answer
To reduce 'rhetorical threat' and show the audience that their perspective is understood, making them more open to listening.
Choosing between these models requires Audience Analysis. If you are writing a legal brief or a competitive debate speech where a judge decides a winner, the Classical Model is your best tool. It is efficient and authoritative. However, if you are writing an op-ed about a deeply divisive social issue or trying to negotiate a raise with a skeptical boss, the Rogerian Model is superior. It transforms the 'opponent' into a 'collaborator.' Remember: The Classical model seeks a judgment, while the Rogerian model seeks a compromise.
Scenario: You are proposing a mandatory 'No Cell Phone' policy to a room of angry teenagers. 1. Rogerian Approach: Start by acknowledging that phones are vital for their social lives and safety (Summary of Opposing Views). 2. Context: Acknowledge that during lunch or after school, phone use is perfectly reasonable (Statement of Contexts). 3. Your Position: Propose that during the minutes of active instruction, phones stay in bags to increase focus. 4. Benefits: Explain that if focus increases, homework might be finished in class, leaving more 'phone time' at home (Statement of Benefits).
Which component of the Classical model serves as the 'thesis statement'?
In a Rogerian argument, what is the primary goal of the 'Statement of Contexts'?
The Rogerian model is the most effective choice for a formal courtroom setting.
Review Tomorrow
In 24 hours, try to list the 6 parts of the Classical model from memory and explain the concept of 'rhetorical threat.'
Practice Activity
Find a controversial news article. Identify if the author is using a 'warrior' (Classical) or 'diplomat' (Rogerian) tone. If it's Classical, try to rewrite the first paragraph using Rogerian principles.