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Dive deep into how objects and extended metaphors represent abstract ideas in literature.
Why do poets write about 'storms' when they really mean 'anger,' or 'cages' when they mean 'injustice'? What if every object in a poem was actually a secret code waiting for you to crack it?
In literature, symbolism occurs when a concrete object represents an abstract idea. Think of it as a ratio where the physical item (the symbol) points to a deeper meaning. For example, a red rose isn't just a flower; it often symbolizes love or beauty. A mountain might symbolize a difficult challenge. By using symbols, poets can evoke strong emotions and complex ideas without using dry, literal language. This allows the reader to 'feel' the meaning rather than just reading a definition. In Grade 8 poetry, we look for symbols that repeat or are emphasized to find the poem's hidden message.
In Robert Frost's famous poem, he describes two paths in a wood. 1. The Literal Object: Two physical paths in a forest. 2. The Symbolic Meaning: The paths represent choices we make in life. 3. The Connection: Just as a path determines where you walk, a life choice determines your future. The 'yellow wood' symbolizes a time of change or transition ().
Quick Check
If a poet writes about a 'dove' flying over a battlefield, what abstract idea is the dove likely symbolizing?
Answer
The dove likely symbolizes peace or hope amidst conflict.
While a metaphor is a simple comparison, an extended metaphor is a comparison that continues through several lines or even the entire poem. It functions like a mathematical sequence: if in the first stanza, the poet will continue to show how different parts of relate to different parts of throughout the text. This creates a 'layered' reading experience. To analyze an extended metaphor, you must track how the comparison evolves. Does the 'storm' get worse? Does the 'staircase' get steeper? These changes tell us more about the character's journey or the author's perspective on social issues.
In Langston Hughes' poem 'Mother to Son,' the speaker says, 'Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.' 1. The Base Comparison: Life is compared to a staircase. 2. The Extension: She describes 'tacks,' 'splinters,' and 'boards torn up.' 3. The Analysis: These physical hazards on the stairs represent the hardships, poverty, and racial injustice she faced. The metaphor extends for lines to show that her struggle was lifelong, not just a single moment.
Quick Check
What is the main difference between a regular metaphor and an extended metaphor?
Answer
An extended metaphor is developed over several lines or stanzas, whereas a regular metaphor is usually a single comparison.
Poets often use symbolism to comment on the world around them. This is called social context. During times of oppression, symbols become a 'hidden language.' For instance, a 'caged bird' might represent a group of people denied their civil rights. By using a symbol instead of naming the group directly, the poet creates a universal theme that anyone who has felt 'trapped' can relate to. When you analyze a poem, ask: What was happening in the world when this was written? This helps you see why the poet chose a specific symbol to represent their struggle or hope.
Maya Angelou compares a free bird to a caged bird to discuss inequality. 1. Stanza 1: The free bird 'leaps on the back of the wind.' This symbolizes privilege and freedom. 2. Stanza 2: The caged bird's 'wings are clipped and his feet are tied.' This symbolizes systemic oppression. 3. The Theme: Even though the bird is trapped, it 'sings of freedom.' The song is a symbol of resilience and the human spirit's refusal to be silenced, even when physically confined.
In a poem where a 'wilting flower' represents a fading friendship, what is the 'wilting flower'?
If an author compares a 'climb up a mountain' to 'getting an education' across three different stanzas, this is an example of:
Symbolism is only used to make poems sound pretty and has nothing to do with the poem's theme.
Review Tomorrow
In 24 hours, try to remember the difference between a symbol and an extended metaphor. Can you think of one example for each from a song you like?
Practice Activity
Find a poem online (like 'Caged Bird' by Maya Angelou) and highlight every object. Then, write one word next to each object describing what 'abstract idea' it might represent.